Speech-language assessment and therapy for olfactory and gustatory disorders: A practical and contemporary approach
Avaliação e terapia fonoaudiológica nas alterações do olfato e paladar: abordagem prática e contemporânea
Guilherme Maia Zica; Viviane dos Santos Marques
Referências
1. Freitas AS, Zica GM, Albuquerque CLD. Coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19): What speech therapists should know. CoDAS. 2020;32(3):e20200073.
2. Whitcroft KL, Hummel T. Clinical diagnosis and current management strategies for olfactory dysfunction: A review. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2019;145(9):846-53.
3. Sharma A, Kumar R, Aier I, Semwal R, Tyagi P, Varadwaj P. Sense of smell: Structural, functional, mechanistic advancements and challenges in human olfactory research. Curr Neuropharmacol. 2019;17(9):891-911.
4. Bear MF, Connors BW, Paradiso MA. Neurociências: desvendando o sistema nervoso. 4ª ed. Porto Alegre: Artmed; 2017.
5. Auffarth B. Understanding smell--the olfactory stimulus problem. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2013;37(8):1667-79.
6. Yiannakas A, Rosenblum K. The insula and taste learning. Front Mol Neurosci. 2017;10:335.
7. Obiefuna S, Donohoe C. Neuroanatomy, nucleus gustatory. In: StatPearls [webpage on the internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023 [accessed on 2025 set 18]. Available at::
8. Guekht AB, Kryukov AI, Kazakova AA, Akzhigitov RG, Gulyaeva NV, Druzhkova TA. Rasstroistva obonyaniya - mezhdistsiplinarnaya problema [Olfactory disorders as a multidisciplinary problem]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova. 2022;122(12):32-8.
9. Giussani G, Westenberg E, Garcia-Azorin D, Bianchi E, Yusof Khan AHK, Allegri RF et al. Prevalence and trajectories of post-COVID-19 neurological manifestations: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neuroepidemiology. 2024;58(2):120-33.
10. Kanavou S, Pitz V, Lawton MA, Sauerbier A, Petrovic I, Politis M. Comparison between four published definitions of hyposmia in Parkinson's disease. Brain Behav. 2021;11(8):e2258.
11. Pugnaloni S, Vignini A, Borroni F, Nanetti L, Raffaelli F, Mobbili G et al. Modifications of taste sensitivity in cancer patients: A method for the evaluations of dysgeusia. Support Care Cancer. 2020;28(3):1173-81.
12. Zica GM, Freitas AS. Deliberações clínicas na atuação em pacientes com câncer de cabeça e pescoço: atualidades e desafios na disfagia. Distúrb. Comun. 2020;31(4):693-7.
13. Doty RL, Shaman P, Dann M. Development of the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test: A standardized microencapsulated test of olfactory function. Physiol Behav. 1984;32(3):489-502.
14. Aniteli MB, Marson FAL, Cunha FR, Sakano E. Correlation and agreement of olfactory perception assessed by the Connecticut Chemosensory Clinical Research Center Olfactory Test and the Brief-Smell Identification Test. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol. 2022;88(6):858-66.
15. Fornazieri MA, Ebara LK, Araújo RG, Oliveira LM, Pereira GA, Rombaux P et al. Adaptation of the pediatric smell wheel to evaluate olfactory function in Brazilian children. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol. 2021;88(5):S47-S51.
16. Nakanishi M, Fornazieri MA, Lança Gomes P, Dias LAM, Freire GSM, Vinha LGDA et al. The digital scent device as a new concept for olfactory assessment. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol. 2022;12(10):1263-72.
17. Mueller C, Kallert S, Renner B, Kobal G, Hummel T, Wolfensberger M. Quantitative assessment of gustatory function in a clinical context using impregnated "taste strips." Rhinology. 2003;41(1):2-6. PMID: 12677732.
18. Zica GM, Marques VS. Avaliação e terapia fonoaudiológica nas alterações de olfato e paladar. In: Feitosa ALF, Depolli GT, Silva HJ, editors. Mapas conceituais em Fonoaudiologia: Motricidade Orofacial. 2ª ed. Ribeirão Preto: BookToy; 2025. p.211-30.
19. Henkin RI, Gill JR, Bartter FC. Studies on taste thresholds in normal man and in patients with adrenal cortical insufficiency: The role of adrenal cortical steroids and of serum sodium concentration. J Clin Invest. 1963;42(5):727-35.
20. Hummel T, Rissom K, Reden J, Hähner A, Weidenbecher M, Hüttenbrink KB. Effects of olfactory training in patients with olfactory loss. Laryngoscope. 2009;119(3):496-9.
21. Wrobel BB, Leopold DA. Clinical assessment of patients with smell and taste disorders. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 2004;37(6):1127-42.
22. Pieniak M, Oleszkiewicz A, Avaro V, Calegari F, Hummel T. Olfactory training - Thirteen years of research reviewed. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2022;141:104853.
23. Konstantinidis I, Tsakiropoulou E, Constantinidis J. Long term effects of olfactory training in patients with post-infectious olfactory loss. Rhinology. 2016;54(2):170-5.
24. Lemon CH. Modulation of taste processing by temperature. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2017;313(4):R305-21.
25. Panhoca VH, Ferreira LT, de Souza VB, Oliveira AC, Silva AR, Santos LN et al. Can photobiomodulation restore anosmia and ageusia induced by COVID-19? A pilot clinical study. J Biophotonics. 2023;16(6):e202300003.
26. Sales DS, Hammerle MB, da Silva Souza R, Ferreira LT, Panhoca VH, Nunes PS et al. Post-COVID-19 olfactory and gustatory dysfunction: Photobiomodulation therapy as a treatment option in a series of cases. Open Neurol J. 2023;17(1):e1874205X2309190.
Submetido em:
06/08/2025
Aceito em:
26/08/2025


